Batteriga Lithium wuxuu ku guuleystay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee Kiimikada 2019!

Abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee Kimistariga 2019 waxa la guddoonsiiyey John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, iyo Akira Yoshino tabarucaadkoodii dhinaca baytariyada lithium-ka.

Dib u milicsiga 1901-2018 Nobel Prize ee Kiimikada
1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "Waxay heleen sharciyada kinetics kiimikaad iyo cadaadiska osmotic ee xalka."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Jarmalka): "Ka shaqee isku-dhafka sonkorta iyo purines."

Sannadkii 1903, Sfant Ogosto Arrhenius (Sweden): "Waxay soo jeedisay aragtida ionization."

Sannadkii 1904-tii, Sir William Ramsey (UK): "Waxay heleen walxo gaasta sharafta leh ee hawada ku jira waxayna go'aamiyeen booskooda jadwalka curiyeyaasha."

Sannadkii 1905, Adolf von Bayer (Jarmalka): "Cilmi-baadhista ku saabsan midabada organic iyo xeryahooda udgoon ee hydrogenated waxay kor u qaadeen horumarinta kiimikada organic iyo warshadaha kiimikada."

Sannadkii 1906-dii, Henry Moissan (France): "Waxa uu baadhay oo kala saaray curiyaha fluorine, wuxuuna isticmaalay foornada korontada ee isaga loogu magac daray."

1907, Edward Buchner (Jarmalka): "Ka Shaqeeyo Cilmi Baadhista Kiimikaalka iyo Helitaanka Halista Unug La'aan."

Sanadkii 1908, Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan isbeddelka curiyeyaasha iyo radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Jarmalka): "Shaqada cilmi-baarista ee catalysis iyo mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee dheellitirka kiimikada iyo heerka falcelinta kiimikada."

Sannadkii 1910-kii, Otto Wallach (Jarmalka): "Shaqada horudhac ee berrinkii xeryahooda alicyclic waxay kor u qaadeen horumarinta kiimikada organic iyo warshadaha kiimikada."

1911-kii, Marie Curie (Poland): "waxay ogaatay walxaha radium iyo polonium, radium la nadiifiyey waxayna baratay sifooyinka walxahan cajiibka ah iyo xeryahooda."

Sanadkii 1912, Victor Grignard (France): "Waxay hindisay reagent Grignard";

Paul Sabatier (France): "Waxa uu hindisay habka hydrogenation-ka ee xeryahooda organic iyadoo ay jirto budada birta ah ee wanaagsan."

Sanadkii 1913, Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Daraasadda isku xirka atomiga ee molecules, gaar ahaan berrinkii kimistari aan organic."

1914kii, Theodore William Richards (Mareykanka): "Go'aaminta saxda ah ee miisaanka atomigga ee tiro badan oo walxo kiimiko ah."

Sanadkii 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Jarmalka): "Daraasadda midabka dhirta, gaar ahaan daraasadda chlorophyll."

Sannadkii 1916-kii, wax abaal-marinno ah lama bixin.

Sannadkii 1917-kii, wax abaal-marinno ah lama bixin.

Sanadkii 1918, Fritz Haber Germany "cilmi baaris ku saabsan isku dhafka ammonia ee walxaha fudud."

Sannadkii 1919-kii, wax abaal-marinno ah lama bixin.

1920, Walter Nernst (Jarmalka): "Daraasadda heerkulbeegyada."

Sanadkii 1921, Frederick Soddy (UK): "Tabaruc ku saabsan fahamka dadka ee sifooyinka kiimikada ee walxaha shucaaca, iyo daraasadda asalka iyo sifooyinka isotopes."

Sanadkii 1922, Francis Aston (UK): "Tiro badan oo isotopes oo ah walxo aan shucaac ahayn ayaa la helay iyadoo la adeegsanayo spectrometer mass, waxaana la caddeeyey sharciga isku-darka."

Sanadkii 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "Waxay abuurtay habka microanalysis ee xeryahooda organic."

Sannadkii 1924-kii, wax abaal-marinno ah lama bixin.

Sanadkii 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Jarmalka): "Waxay caddeeyeen dabeecadda kala duwan ee xalalka colloidal iyo abuuray hababka falanqaynta ee la xidhiidha."

Sanadkii 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Daraasad ku saabsan hababka baahsanaanta."

Sannadkii 1927-kii, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Jarmalka): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedka Asiidhka Bile iyo walxaha la xidhiidha."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Jarmalka): "Daraasad ku saabsan qaabka steroids iyo xiriirka ay la leeyihiin fiitamiinada."

Sanadkii 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Jarmalka): "Daraasadaha halsano ee sonkorta iyo enzymes halsano."

1930, Hans Fischer (Jarmalka): "Daraasadda halabuurka heme iyo chlorophyll, gaar ahaan daraasadda isku dhafka heme."

Sannadkii 1931-kii, Karl Bosch (Jarmalka), Friedrich Bergius (Jarmalka): "Abuuritaanka iyo horumarinta tignoolajiyada kiimikada cadaadiska sare leh."

Sannadkii 1932-kii, Irving Lanmere (USA): "Cilmi-baadhis iyo Baadhitaanka Kiimikada Dusha."

Sannadkii 1933-kii, wax abaal-marinno ah lama bixin.

Sanadkii 1934-kii, Harold Clayton Yuri (Mareykanka): "wuxuu helay hydrogen-ka culus."

Sannadkii 1935kii, Frederic Yorio-Curie (France), Irene Yorio-Curie (France): "Waxa la isku daray curiyayaasha shucaaca cusub."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "Fahamka qaabdhismeedka molecular iyada oo loo marayo daraasadda daqiiqadaha dipole iyo kala-duwanaanta raajada iyo electrons ee gaaska."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan Carbohydrates iyo Vitamin C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan carotenoids, flavin, vitamin A iyo vitamin B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Jarmalka): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan carotenoids iyo fitamiinada."

Sannadkii 1939-kii, Adolf Butnant (Jarmalka): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan hormoonnada jinsiga";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan polymethylene iyo terpenes sare."

Sannadkii 1940-kii, wax abaal-marinno ah lama bixin.

Sannadkii 1941-kii, wax abaal-marinno ah lama bixin.

Sannadkii 1942-kii, wax abaal-marinno ah lama bixin.

Sannadkii 1943-kii, George Dehevesi (Hungary): "Isotopes-ka waxaa loo isticmaalaa raadraacayaal daraasadda hababka kiimikada."

1944-kii, Otto Hahn (Jarmalka): "Baro fission nukliyeerka culus."

Sannadkii 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Cilmi-baadhis iyo ikhtiraacida kiimikada beeraha iyo nafaqada, gaar ahaan habka kaydinta quudinta."

Sannadkii 1946-kii, James B. Sumner (USA): "Waxaa la ogaaday in ensaymes-ka la miiray";

John Howard Northrop (Mareykanka), Wendell Meredith Stanley (Mareykanka): "Waxaa la diyaariyay enzymes saafi ah oo nadiif ah iyo borotiinno fayras ah."

Sanadkii 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (UK): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan wax soo saarka dhirta ee muhiimka ah ee muhiimka ah ee noolaha, gaar ahaan alkaloids."

Sanadkii 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan electrophoresis iyo falanqaynta xayeysiinta, gaar ahaan dabeecadda adag ee borotiinka serum."

Sannadkii 1949-kii, William Geok (Mareykanka): "Tabarrucyada ku saabsan heerkulbeegga kiimikada, gaar ahaan daraasadda walxaha hoos yimaada heerkulka aadka u hooseeya."

1950-kii, Otto Diels (Galbeed Jarmalka), Kurt Alder (Galbeed Jarmalka): "waxaa la helay oo horumariyay habka isku-dhafka diene."

Sanadkii 1951, Edwin Macmillan (Mareykanka), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (Mareykanka): "waxaa la helay xubno transuranic ah."

Sanadkii 1952, Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "Waxay hindiseen chromatography qaybta."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (Galbeed Jarmalka): "Natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista ee maadada polymer chemistry."

1954, Linus Pauling (USA): "Daraasadda sifooyinka curaarta kiimikada iyo codsigeeda ee sharraxaadda qaabdhismeedka walxaha adag."

1955, Vincent Divinho (USA): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan xeryahooda sulfur-ka kooban ee muhiimadda biochemical, gaar ahaan isku-darka hormoonnada peptide-ka markii ugu horeysay."

Sanadkii 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) iyo Nikolai Semenov (Midowga Soofiyeeti): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan habka falcelinta kiimikada."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "Waxay ka shaqeysaa daraasadda nucleotide iyo coenzymes nucleotide."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "Daraasadda qaab-dhismeedka borotiinka iyo ka kooban yahay, gaar ahaan daraasadda insulin."

In 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Jamhuuriyadda Czech): "helay oo horumariyey habka falanqaynta polarographic."

1960kii, Willard Libby (Mareykanka): "Waxay diyaarisay hab shukaansiga iyadoo la isticmaalayo kaarboon 14 isotope, kaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo qadiimiga, geology, geophysics, iyo qaybaha kale."

1961, Melvin Calvin (Mareykanka): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan nuugista carbon dioxide ee dhirta."

Sanadkii 1962, Max Perutz UK iyo John Kendrew UK "cilmi baaris ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka borotiinnada spherical."

1963, Carl Ziegler (Galbeed Jarmalka), Gurio Natta (Talyaani): "Natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista ee maadada polymer chemistry iyo technology."

Sanadkii 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "Isticmaalka tignoolajiyada raajada si loo falanqeeyo qaabdhismeedka maaddooyinka biochemical ee muhiimka ah."

Sanadkii 1965, Robert Burns Woodward (USA): "Guul aad u Wanaagsan ee Dabiiciga Dabiiciga ah."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Cilmi-baadhis aasaasi ah oo ku saabsan curaarta kiimikada iyo qaab-dhismeedka elektaroonigga ah ee molecules iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka molecular orbital."

1967, Manfred Eigen (Galbeedka Jarmalka), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "Isticmaalka garaaca tamarta gaaban si loo dheellitiro falcelinta Habka qallafsanaanta, daraasadda falcelinta kiimikada xawaaraha sare leh."

Sannadkii 1968-kii, Lars Onsager (USA): "wuxuu daaha ka qaaday xiriirka isdhaafsiga ee isaga loogu magac daray, isaga oo dhidibada u aasaya heerkulbeegga geeddi-socodyada aan laga laaban karin."

Sannadkii 1969-kii, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Norway): "Waxay horumarisay fikradda is-waafajinta iyo codsigeeda kimisteriga."

In 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "la helay nucleotides sonkorta iyo doorka ay biosynthesis ee karbohaydraytyada."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Kanada): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedka elektaroonigga ah iyo joomatari ee molecules, gaar ahaan xagjirnimada xorta ah."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (Mareykanka): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan ribonuclease, gaar ahaan daraasadda xiriirka ka dhexeeya isku xigxiga amino acid iyo is-dhexgalka noole firfircoon";

Stanford Moore (Mareykanka), William Howard Stein (Mareykanka): "Daraasadda xiriirka ka dhexeeya firfircoonida firfircoonida ee xarunta firfircoon ee molecule ribonuclease iyo qaabdhismeedka kiimikada."

1973, Ernst Otto Fischer (Galbeed Jarmalka) iyo Jeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "Cilmi-baaris horudhac ah oo ku saabsan sifooyinka kiimikada ee xeryahooda birta-organic, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano xeryahooda sandwich."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Cilmi-baaris aasaasi ah oo ku saabsan aragtida iyo tijaabinta kiimikada jireed ee polymer."

1975, John Conforth (UK): "Daraasad ku saabsan stereochemistry ee falcelinta enzyme-catalyzed."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Daraasadda stereochemistry ee molecules organic iyo falcelinta";

1976, William Lipscomb (Mareykanka): "Daraasadda qaab-dhismeedka borane waxay sharraxday dhibaatada isku-xidhka kiimikada."

Sanadkii 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Tabaruc ku saabsan thermodynamics aan dheellitirneyn, gaar ahaan aragtida qaab dhismeedka burburka."

Sannadkii 1978-kii, Peter Mitchell (UK): "Isticmaalka qaacidada teoritaalka ah ee qulqulka kiimikada si ay gacan uga geysato fahamka wareejinta tamarta noolaha."

1979kii, Herbert Brown (USA) iyo Georg Wittig (Galbeed Jarmalka): "Waxa la sameeyay boron-ka kooban iyo xeryahooda fosfooraska ku jira oo ah reagents muhiim ah oo ku jira habka organic, siday u kala horreeyaan."

1980kii, Paul Berg (Mareykanka): "Daraasadda biochemistry ee asiidhyada nukliyeerka, gaar ahaan daraasadda dib-u-habaynta DNA-da";

Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Qaabka lagu Go'aamiyo Taxanayaasha Saldhigga DNA ee Asiidhka Nukliyeerka."

1981, Kenichi Fukui (Japan) iyo Rod Hoffman (USA): "Sharax dhacdooyinka falcelinta kiimikada iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta madax-bannaanida ee aragtiyaha."

Sanadkii 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "Waxa la sameeyay microscopy crystal elektaroonik ah oo bartay qaabdhismeedka nucleic acid-protein ka kooban yahay muhiimad bayooloji ah."

Sanadkii 1983, Henry Taub (USA): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan habka falcelinta elektarooniga ah ee wareejinta elektaroonigga ah gaar ahaan dhismayaasha birta."

Sannadkii 1984-kii, Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "Waxa uu sameeyay hab isku dhafan kiimikaad weji adag."

Sanadkii 1985, Herbert Hauptman (Mareykanka), Jerome Carr (Mareykanka): "Guulaha cajiibka ah ee horumarinta hababka tooska ah ee go'aaminta qaabdhismeedka crystal."

Sanadkii 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (Mareykanka), Li Yuanzhe (Mareykanka), John Charles Polanyi (Kanada): "Tabarucaadka daraasadda habka kinetic ee falcelinta kiimikada hoose."

1987, Donald Kramm (Mareykanka), Jean-Marie Lane (France), Charles Pedersen (Mareykanka): "Molecules la sameeyay oo la isticmaalo oo awood u leh isdhexgalka qaab-dhismeed gaar ah oo aad u xushay."

Sannadkii 1988, John Dysenhofer (Galbeed Jarmalka), Robert Huber (Galbeed Jarmalka), Hartmut Michel (Galbeed Jarmalka): "Go'aaminta qaabdhismeedka saddex-geesoodka ah ee xarunta falcelinta sawir-qaadista."

Sannadkii 1989-kii, Sydney Altman (Canada), Thomas Cech (USA): "wuxuu helay sifooyinka RNA."

Sannadkii 1990-kii, Elias James Corey (Mareykanka): "Waxa uu sameeyay aragtida iyo habka isku-dhafka organic."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Wax ku biirinta horumarinta hababka spectroscopy resonance nukliyeerka (NMR) ee xallinta sare."

1992, Rudolph Marcus (USA): "wax ku biirinta aragtida falcelinta elektarooniga ah ee hababka kiimikada."

Sannadkii 1993-kii, Kelly Mullis (USA): "Waxa la sameeyay habab cilmi-baaris kiimikaad DNA-ku-saleysan waxayna horumariyeen falcelinta silsiladda polymerase (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Kanada): "Habka cilmi-baarista kiimikada ee DNA-da ku salaysan ayaa la sameeyay, waxayna gacan ka geysatay sameynta oligonucleotide-ku-salaysan mutagenesis ku salaysan goobta iyo kaalinteeda aasaasiga ah ee horumarinta cilmi-baarista borotiinka."

In 1994, George Andrew Euler (Mareykanka): "Tabarucaadka cilmi-baarista ee kiimikada carbocation."

1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherland), Mario Molina (US), Frank Sherwood Rowland (US): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan kimistariga hawada, gaar ahaan cilmi-baaris ku saabsan samaynta iyo kala-goynta ozone."

1996 Robert Cole (Mareykanka), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (Mareykanka): "Baro fullerene."

1997, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "Waxay caddeeyeen habka enzymatic catalytic ee isku-dhafka adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

Sannadkii 1998-kii, Walter Cohen (USA): "asaasay aragtida shaqada cufnaanta";

John Pope (UK): Hababka xisaabinta ee loo sameeyay kimistariga.

Sannadkii 1999-kii, Yamid Ziwell (Masar): "Daraasad ku saabsan xaaladaha kala-guurka ee fal-celin kiimikaad iyadoo la adeegsanayo femtosecond spectroscopy."

Sannadkii 2000, Alan Haig (Mareykanka), McDelmead (Mareykanka), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan): "la helay oo soo saaray polymers conductive."

Sannadkii 2001, William Standish Knowles (US) iyo Noyori Ryoji (Japan): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan Hydrogenation Catalytic Chiral";

Barry Sharpless (USA): "Daraasad ku saabsan Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) iyo Koichi Tanaka (Japan): "Habab la sameeyay oo loogu talagalay aqoonsiga iyo falanqaynta qaabdhismeedka macromolecules noolaha, oo la aasaasay habka ionization desorption jilicsan ee falanqaynta spectrometry mass ee macromolecules noolaha" ;

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Habab la soo saaray oo loogu talagalay aqoonsiga iyo falanqaynta qaabdhismeedka ee macromolecules noolaha, oo la aasaasay hab lagu falanqeeyo qaab-dhismeedka saddex-geesoodka ah ee macromolecules bayooloji xal iyadoo la isticmaalayo spectroscopy resonance magnetic nuclear."

2003, Peter Agre (USA): "Daraasadda kanaalka ion ee xuubabka unuggu waxay heleen kanaalada biyaha";

Roderick McKinnon (Mareykanka): "Daraasadda kanaalka ion ee xuubabka unugyada, daraasadda qaabka iyo habka ion channel."

2004tii, Aaron Chehanovo (Israa'iil), Avram Hershko (Israa'iil), Owen Ross (US): "waxaa la ogaaday nabaad-guurka borotiinka ee dhexdhexaadka ah."

2005, Yves Chauvin (France), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Waxay horumarisay habka metathesis ee isku-dhafka organic."

Sannadkii 2006, Roger Kornberg (USA): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan saldhigga molecular ee qoraalka eukaryotic."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Jarmalka): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan habka kiimikada ee sagxadaha adag."

2008, Shimomura Osamu (Japan), Martin Chalfie (Mareykanka), Qian Yongjian (Mareykanka): "La helay oo wax laga beddelay borotiinka fluorescent cagaaran (GFP)."

2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israel): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan qaabka iyo shaqada ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan falcelinta isku-xidhka ee Palladium-catalyzed ee falcelinta dabiiciga ah."

In 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Israel): "The daahfurka ee quaasicrystals."

Sannadkii 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (Mareykanka): "Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan soo-dhoweynta borotiinnada-G-ga."

2013, Martin Capras (Mareykanka), Michael Levitt (Boqortooyada Ingiriiska), Yale Vachel: Naqshad qaabab kala duwan leh oo loogu talagalay nidaamyada kiimikada adag.

2014-kii, Eric Bezig (Mareykanka), Stefan W. Hull (Jarmalka), William Esko Molnar (Mareykanka): Guulihii laga gaaray dhinaca garaadka sare-xallinta fluorescence guul.

2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), Aziz Sanjar (Turkiga): Cilmi-baaris ku saabsan habka gacanta ee hagaajinta DNA-da.

2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (France), James Fraser Stuart (UK/US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Naqshadaynta iyo isku dhafka mashiinnada molecular.

2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Jarmalka), Richard Henderson (UK): waxay sameeyeen mikroskoobyada cryo-electron ee go'aaminta qaab dhismeedka sare ee biomolecules ee xalka.

Kala bar abaalmarinta 2018 waxaa la siiyay saynisyahan Maraykan ah Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) iyada oo la aqoonsanayo iyada oo xaqiijinaysa horumarka tooska ah ee enzymes; Qaybta kale waxaa la siiyay saynisyahano Maraykan ah (George P. Smith) iyo saynisyahan British Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) aqoonsiga Waxay xaqiiqsadeen farsamada muujinta phage ee peptides iyo unugyada difaaca jirka.